November 3, 2016, China's new generation of large launch vehicle Long March 5, the first launch of the success of a significant impact at home and abroad. It is China's current thrust of the largest launch vehicle. Its geosynchronous transfer orbit carrying capacity of 13 tons, near-Earth orbit carrying capacity of 25 tons, which than China's active rocket carrying capacity increased by 2.5 times, the overall performance of the rocket and the overall technology reached the international advanced level.
Long March 5 in the domestic carrier rocket for the first time using a 5-meter-diameter structure, the first use of non-toxic non-polluting liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen and liquid oxygen / kerosene engine combination take-off program, and thus extremely large. Previously, the Chinese rocket core diameter is 3.35 meters. As the sturdy body, so the Long March 5 nickname called "fat five". The reason why the sturdy body is to accommodate more propellant, resulting in greater thrust. This can also reduce the rocket series, thereby reducing the number of rocket separation, improve the reliability of the rocket.
The rocket core level, core two rocket engines are used liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen fuel, and booster with liquid oxygen / kerosene fuel. This combination of two non-toxic non-polluting low-temperature fuel engine combination take-off program in China is the first time. Why is this complex combination of takeoff programs, which is due to the core level, the core two working hours long, so the appropriate use of high than the liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen power system; booster working time is relatively short, so suitable The use of large thrust, propellant density of liquid oxygen / kerosene power system, the engine density ratio increased. With this option, the minimum size of the launch vehicle, the use of the smallest number of engines, which can effectively improve the carrying capacity and carrying efficiency.
The core level of all the use of low-temperature propellant, which in the development of China's rocket development history is the first time. As the liquid hydrogen temperature of -253 ℃, liquid oxygen -183 ℃, so the Long March 5 is much lower than the freezing point of the ultra-low temperature, is worthy of the name "Frostbolt." Because of its combustion is the water, so to achieve a non-toxic, non-polluting, which also marks the launch of the rocket in China's reliability, safety, adaptability and environmental friendliness and on a new level.
Long March 5 series rocket using "a series, two engines, three modules," the general idea, the implementation of the "universal, modular, serialized" design ideas. "Two engines" refers to the development of 50 tons of liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen engine and 120 tons of liquid oxygen / kerosene engine; "three modules" is equipped with two 50 tons of liquid oxygen / liquid hydrogen engine 5 meters diameter module, Equipped with 2 sets of 120 tons of liquid oxygen / kerosene engine 3.35 meters diameter module, equipped with a 120 tons of liquid oxygen / kerosene engine 2.25 meters diameter module. Modular design ideas can be used to achieve technical sharing, improve reliability, save costs and shorten the development cycle.
The rocket in the implementation of the Earth synchronous transfer orbit launch task using two semi-configuration rocket direct access, in the implementation of near-Earth orbit launch mission using a semi-configuration rocket direct access. This not only greatly improves the carrying capacity, but also can reduce the cost. The so-called half-level refers to the bundled booster.
This series of rockets has six configurations, of which two and a half-configuration and a semi-configuration of the three, they were bundled with two 2.25-meter diameter booster (each booster with a 120 tons Liquid oxygen / kerosene engine) and two 3.35 meter diameter boosters (each booster with two 120-ton liquid oxygen / kerosene engines), bundled with four 3.35-meter diameter boosters (each booster 2 sets of 120 tons of liquid oxygen / kerosene engine), bundled with four 2.25 meter diameter boosters (each booster with a 120 tons of liquid oxygen / kerosene engine). In the two types of configuration is the biggest thrust of the following two:
One is tied with four 3.35 m booster two and a half configuration. Its core level, two diameter are 5 meters. Core level with a 5-meter diameter module; core two with two 9-ton thrust liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen bound; core level also bundled four 3.35 meters diameter module. Its geosynchronous transfer orbit carrying capacity of 14 tons. It is mainly the implementation of the Earth synchronous transfer orbit spacecraft launch mission, the first shot of the Long March 5 is the use of this, 2017 launch of the Chang'e 5 moon sampling return of the Long March 5 rocket is also used this.
Another is in the program on the basis of the removal of the second level. Its near-Earth orbit carrying capacity of 25 tons. It mainly carries out the launch mission of the near-Earth orbit spacecraft, which will be launched in 2019 at the 20-ton space station.
The first launch of the Long March 5 rocket equipped with three kinds of 12 new large thrust engines, they are used non-toxic pollution-free propulsion technology, and are China's largest thrust liquid oxygen / kerosene engine, the maximum thrust of liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen Engine and the highest performance of the rocket engine.
The core level of two 50 tons of liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen engine in the international similar engine in the advanced level, so that the overall level of China's liquid rocket propulsion technology across a large step. The engine has the following characteristics.
First, carrying high efficiency. It is the highest energy fuel in rocket chemical propellants, up to 465 seconds faster than the conventional fuel engine performance by about 50%.
Second, the thrust is very large. Compared with the active liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen engine, 50 tons of liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen engine vacuum thrust is 9 times, the thrust chamber chamber pressure is 2.7 times, hydrogen turbine pump power is 15 times, oxygen turbine power Is its 20 times, is China's current launch of the rocket family "leader".
Third, green is very environmentally friendly. Its combustion products for the cleanliness of 99.99% of pure water, with green, zero carbon emissions, etc., is the world's smallest emission models, the most green of the engine, so the Long March 5 launch vehicle has also been a "green rocket."
Two 9-ton liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen engines on the core are the first hydrogen-oxygen engines in China with advanced closed-loop expansion, and are currently the largest rocket engines in China that can greatly improve the engine's own reliability Sex, can be launched several times, boost the rocket into the Earth transfer orbit.
4 boosters on the eight 120 tons of liquid oxygen / kerosene engine is China's single largest thrust, the most advanced technology, the application of the most promising new power plant, to fill the Chinese fuel cycle engine technology gaps, so that China has become the world The second master of the high-pressure combustion cycle of liquid oxygen kerosene engine technology in the country.
According to the serialization and combination of ideas, the Long March 5 series carrier rocket for the first time to achieve the six configurations at the same time to carry out the overall design, successfully resolved the six configurations at the same time optimization and design problems.
Long March 5 rocket for the first time using a 5-meter diameter large body structure. 5 m diameter Large body structure is not only a simple amplification of the structural dimensions, but also from the structural form, material selection, manufacturing process, manufacturing tooling, test verification system thoroughly reform. Through the development of the Long March 5 rocket, not only China has mastered the design and manufacturing capacity of the 5-meter diameter structure, but also broke through the thousands of tons of static test technology, while large-scale structural manufacturing also led to the material, machining, heat treatment, welding, Testing and other equipment manufacturing industry development.
In 2017, China will use the Long March 5 rocket were launched with Dongfanghong 5 new generation of large-scale satellite platform practice 18 communications satellite and Chang'e 5 moon sampling return device, 2019 will be the Long March 5 rocket began to launch Three 20-ton space station cabin, 2020 will use the Long March 5 rocket launch China's first Mars probe. It can also be used to launch large earth-rail large loads and other deep-space exploration mission loads, while laying a good foundation for the development of heavy rockets for future manned lunches in China.
Long March 5 will achieve a substantial leap forward of China's rocket carrying capacity for China's follow-up national major space project tasks to provide high reliability, low cost, non-toxic pollution, adaptability, good security, high carrying capacity of advanced delivery tools.
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