China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, the border has no offensive weapons deterrence situation no longer exists
24 is the 20th anniversary of the signing of the Agreement on Mutual Reduction of Military Forces in the Border Areas. A foreign diplomat recently confirmed to the "Global Times" reporter, currently in China and Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, adjacent to the border area, there is no deployment of offensive weapons and equipment. In addition, the number of military personnel retained by States is no more than 130,400 in the depth of 100 kilometers of the border line.
In accordance with the Agreement on Mutual Reduction of Military Forces in the Border Areas, the number of Army, Air Force and Air Defense Air Force personnel retained by States within 100 kilometers of the respective boundary of the border is not more than 130,400 and are deployed to each other The military forces in the border areas do not attack each other, do not carry out military exercises against each other, and exchange information on border areas of military power.
A number of journalists who traveled to the border area to check the situation of disarmament told the Global Times reporter that the agreement had been in good condition over the past 20 years and that there was no tight "war readiness" in the five-nation border region No military force is added in the border areas, and where there is significant military activity and troop movements in case of emergency are communicated to each other.
Why the five countries border area mutual reduction of military agreement to be implemented? The insider, who declined to be named, told reporters that this was mainly due to the significant improvement in relations between China and Russia and Central Asian countries in recent years and the continued increase in mutual trust between countries. In addition, China and the border of these countries have also been delineated, no matter how the future government changes, the relevant issues can be resolved in accordance with the border treaty through legal means, no longer need in the border area a large number of "Chen Bing." "The mutual trust between the various armies has reached the unimaginable height of the past, tanks and other offensive weapons and equipment have been completely do not see, mutual deterrence for security situation no longer exists.
The signatories of this agreement are the five countries of Shanghai, the predecessor of the SCO. In this regard, the sources stressed that "SCO" no defense costs, there is no military action budget, but there is no country as a goal of military exercises, and the military alliance without any connection.
Among the five signatories, the two world-class powers of China and Russia are particularly compelling to cut military forces at the border. In particular, in recent years, Europe and the United States media continue to render the two countries in Central Asia there are geopolitical conflicts, in this propaganda offensive, the importance of this fact is self-evident. The source told the "Global Times" reporter said that China has always recognized that Central Asia is Russia's traditional sphere of influence, and Russia and Russia do not want the so-called competition and confrontation. "China can give the Central Asian countries some of what they need, such as the sea, energy trade, etc. These are the complement of Russia's role in the region, and should not be seen as a competition or confrontation."
"From a Chinese perspective, although China is clear about the important strategic position of Central Asia in the world pattern, the military influence is not our option." Military means means that political and diplomatic approaches are exhausted, and China does not want to pass military options Central Asia to expand its influence, "she told reporters, see Russia because of the hard-line policy in Ukraine suffered from Western sanctions facing economic and social difficulties, China is more able to peace in the surrounding environment with great concentration on economic development as the core interest.
Recently, China's western border areas and Central Asian countries are threatened by terrorism. Will the withdrawal of military forces affect the fight against terrorism? The insider told the "Global Times" reporter, was cut only for the original state of deterrence and confrontation between the military forces, coupled with China's border areas and other security forces and other security forces, so the border anti-terrorism work will not be affected The "The agreement is important for the development and opening up of China's border areas, the interconnection of the border areas and the facilitation of personnel exchanges," she said, adding that the agreement is important for the role of the "cut-off agreement" in the new historical context of the "one-on-one" initiative. The creation of a new model of security cooperation is a major contribution to regional and world peace.
2017年4月23日星期日
Why did Bai Chongxi refuse to direct the decisive battle of the Chinese Communist Party to determine the fate of China
Why did Bai Chongxi refuse to direct the decisive battle of the Chinese Communist Party to determine the fate of China
December 1949, the Kuomintang civil war has been set, Bai Chongxi retreated to Hainan Island, Li Zongren has been from Hong Kong to the United States. December 30, Bai Chongxi in Haikou to Taiwan, to Taiwan after only idle, and ultimately died in Taiwan. Bai Chongxi and Li Zongren always called "Li Bai", Li Zongren finally completely with Chiang Kai-shek break, Bai Chongxi chose to stay in Taiwan for the rest of his life.
For a long time, Bai Chongxi in the history of the figure blurred The history of the mainland writers have little ink on him, people only know that he is the other side of Chiang Gui war, Gui warlords; and in the history of the Republic of China, Bai Chongxi was called "abdication" Chiang Kai-shek abdicated, to Taiwan after unsuccessful. In Bai Xianyong book "father and the Republic of China - Bai Chongxi general figure", he Bai Chongxi's life and the entire Republic of history connected to clarify the outside world on Bai Congxi misunderstanding, combing his complex relationship with Chiang Kai-shek. The history of the two sides are blurred figure, slowly clear out.
Why did Bai Chongxi refuse to direct the decisive battle of the Chinese Communist Party to determine the fate of China
In 1938, Bai Chongxi participated in the Wuhan Military Conference, according to the old map
The Cause of the War
Bai Xianyong was originally prepared to write his father "Yang worthy days", written with the finishing out of more than 500 and Bai Chongxi related historical photos. Holding the "photo to show the true history" of the idea, Bai Xianyong first photo collection published around the photo introduction Bai Chongxi life. Although only the photos, but has been able to feel the thrilling history of the Republic of China.
During the Northern Expedition, Bai Chongxi was the Chief of Staff of the Revolutionary Army, once with the Guangxi Army into Beijing, 1927 to complete the situation to reverse the Northern Expedition, "Longtan battle", this is the hero. The end of the Northern Expedition, Chiang Kai-shek on the adoption of Yang Yongtai "cut fan" proposal, ready to dissolve the Northern Expedition of the army. At this time, the Wuhan side of the young cadres of the northern group of Hubei Hu Zongduo, Tao Jun and other fought in Hunan attack Lu Ping Ping, resulting in the so-called "Hunan", although Li Zongren Bai Chongxi tried to extinguish the fire, the lifting of Hu Tao soldiers, But Chiang Kai-shek "Gui Gui" policy has been set, even more secretly operate Bai Chongxi army tactics. Bai Chongxi's National Revolutionary Army fourth group army for the Tang Shengzhi old department, Chiang Kai-shek bought Tang Shengzhi dive to Pingjin, policy against white Chongxi department. Eventually Jiang Gui war broke out, Lee, white was designated as "rebel", Bai Chongxi even flee to Annan. Northern expedition, Bai Chongxi just 35 years old, high-spirited, and instantly changed from the hero to "rebel."
Since Chiang Kai-shek and Gui began to oppose for nearly a decade, until the "July 7 Incident", Chiang Kai-shek called on the national anti-Japanese, Bai Chongxi response, and Chiang Kai-shek again, command or participate in the command of the Shanghai tour, Taier Zhuang, And so on these famous battles, after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War by the National Government Qingtian day the highest medal.
Refused to command Xu clam war
The victory of the war, the civil war began, between spring and summer of 1946, the KMT and the CPC in the long road on the military town of Siping Street to start a large-scale positional warfare. Both sides of the set of 10 million, Bai Xianyong said it was "the Kuomintang civil war began the largest positive combat." Warfare fierce, the two sides are cutting the occasion, Chiang Kai-shek sent Bai Chongxi on May 17 to the northeast of the war, command Du Yuming, and its new six army, new army, seventy-one army captured Siping Street, and continue to attack Changchun. Lin Biao troops could not hold, to the Songhua River north shore of Harbin retreat. Bai Chongxi flew back to Nanjing, reported to Chiang Kai-shek war situation, advocated the Kuomintang army victory, occupation of Harbin, Qiqihar, Jiamusi and other cities, won the Northeast. At that time Sun Liren rate army army new army, has been over the Songhua River north shore, arrived in Shuangcheng, less than 100 kilometers away from Harbin, Mao ordered Lin Biao ready to abandon Harbin. On June 6, Chiang Kai-shek ordered the truce (known as the second truce). Lin Biao then have the opportunity to counterattack the whole army, the northeast situation reversed.
Many of the Kuomintang people on the victory of Siping Street and the subsequent reversal of the war, that the Northeast affected the whole civil war results. Bai Xianyong in 2011 in the "warm" magazine specifically wrote "post-war dispute in the Northeast" in detail the war in the Northeast. Qi Bangyuan in the "giant river" also mentioned his father Qi Shiying regret the Northeast. Bai Xianyong that Chiang Kai-shek unilaterally ordered the cease-fire for two reasons: one is the United States hope that the Kuomintang peace, the organization of the coalition government, Marshall has been mediation, to Chiang Kai-shek pressure requirements of the truce, and even several times that broadcast, ; On the other hand Chiang Kai-shek himself also have to judge the error, he thought Lin Biao has been defeated, no fighting, stop playing again to win, did not expect the army to fight back success.
In April 1948, Li Zongren was elected "vice president" success, May Bai Chongxi by the Secretary of Defense was appointed "commander in chief of the Chinese army". Bai Chongxi took office after the "Shoujiang will first keep the Huai", the proposed "Huazhong suppression of total" located close to Nanjing Bengbu, in Xuzhou, Bengbu between the Jianghuai Mountains, the use of offensive defense, adhere to long-term combat; also pointed out that the Central Plains must Unified command, can not be divided use, made in Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi five provinces defense. When the appointment was published, Bai Chongxi's idea of "five provinces" was not realized. Chiang Kai-shek divided the Central China War zone into two areas. The "Central China" Imagine being completely disrupted. He is also considered Xuzhou easy to attack, not suitable for the command center, Liu Zhi is not a first-class war, directly under the judge: "the Central Plains army division use, the future will be no doubt!" Bai Chongxi did not accept the appointment, Chiang Kai-shek sent more people to Shanghai to urge, barely to Hankou took office.
In October 1948, the Huaihai Campaign (the Kuomintang side called "Xu clam war") has not yet begun, because the Kuomintang army in the northeast defeat, He Yingqin, Gu Zhutong held a military conference in Nanjing, hope Bai Chongxi can come out unified command Hankou Xuzhou two " total". Bai Xianyong book said, on October 30 Bai Chongxi from Hankou back to Nanjing, the day looks quite confident, the next day suddenly refused to accept the unified command. Bai Chongxi found Xuzhou "destroy the total" has long been the main force of several troops deployed in Xuzhou as the center of the Longhai Railway and Jinpu railway line, the word lined up to become a "dead cross", Xuzhou plains According to the war once easy to break the enemy, the war is imminent, to relocate hundreds of thousands of troops is no longer possible. Plus Xuzhou "destroy the total" generals Qiu Qingquan, Huang Bo Tao, Li and others are Chiang Kai-shek's Huangpu love, Bai Chongxi had not and their origin, it is difficult to command.
Bai Xianyong's comment on "refusing to command" is: "The decision made by the father on the evening of October 30, refused to command the battle of Xu clam, may be his life the most difficult, but afterwards seems to be the most sensible of a choice ... ... Xu clan battle , Is the Kuomintang civil war the final victory and defeat of a battle, the success or failure of a non-father can play. Afterwards it seems not just military, he made this decision, the need for great courage and wisdom. If the beginning of the beginning of Chiang Kai-shek will use his father 'Shoujiang will first Huai Huai', set to 'destroy the total' in Bengbu, unified command by the father, I am afraid the outcome of the war will not be so. , Chiang does not understand. "
December 1949, the Kuomintang civil war has been set, Bai Chongxi retreated to Hainan Island, Li Zongren has been from Hong Kong to the United States. December 30, Bai Chongxi in Haikou to Taiwan, to Taiwan after only idle, and ultimately died in Taiwan. Bai Chongxi and Li Zongren always called "Li Bai", Li Zongren finally completely with Chiang Kai-shek break, Bai Chongxi chose to stay in Taiwan for the rest of his life.
For a long time, Bai Chongxi in the history of the figure blurred The history of the mainland writers have little ink on him, people only know that he is the other side of Chiang Gui war, Gui warlords; and in the history of the Republic of China, Bai Chongxi was called "abdication" Chiang Kai-shek abdicated, to Taiwan after unsuccessful. In Bai Xianyong book "father and the Republic of China - Bai Chongxi general figure", he Bai Chongxi's life and the entire Republic of history connected to clarify the outside world on Bai Congxi misunderstanding, combing his complex relationship with Chiang Kai-shek. The history of the two sides are blurred figure, slowly clear out.
Why did Bai Chongxi refuse to direct the decisive battle of the Chinese Communist Party to determine the fate of China
In 1938, Bai Chongxi participated in the Wuhan Military Conference, according to the old map
The Cause of the War
Bai Xianyong was originally prepared to write his father "Yang worthy days", written with the finishing out of more than 500 and Bai Chongxi related historical photos. Holding the "photo to show the true history" of the idea, Bai Xianyong first photo collection published around the photo introduction Bai Chongxi life. Although only the photos, but has been able to feel the thrilling history of the Republic of China.
During the Northern Expedition, Bai Chongxi was the Chief of Staff of the Revolutionary Army, once with the Guangxi Army into Beijing, 1927 to complete the situation to reverse the Northern Expedition, "Longtan battle", this is the hero. The end of the Northern Expedition, Chiang Kai-shek on the adoption of Yang Yongtai "cut fan" proposal, ready to dissolve the Northern Expedition of the army. At this time, the Wuhan side of the young cadres of the northern group of Hubei Hu Zongduo, Tao Jun and other fought in Hunan attack Lu Ping Ping, resulting in the so-called "Hunan", although Li Zongren Bai Chongxi tried to extinguish the fire, the lifting of Hu Tao soldiers, But Chiang Kai-shek "Gui Gui" policy has been set, even more secretly operate Bai Chongxi army tactics. Bai Chongxi's National Revolutionary Army fourth group army for the Tang Shengzhi old department, Chiang Kai-shek bought Tang Shengzhi dive to Pingjin, policy against white Chongxi department. Eventually Jiang Gui war broke out, Lee, white was designated as "rebel", Bai Chongxi even flee to Annan. Northern expedition, Bai Chongxi just 35 years old, high-spirited, and instantly changed from the hero to "rebel."
Since Chiang Kai-shek and Gui began to oppose for nearly a decade, until the "July 7 Incident", Chiang Kai-shek called on the national anti-Japanese, Bai Chongxi response, and Chiang Kai-shek again, command or participate in the command of the Shanghai tour, Taier Zhuang, And so on these famous battles, after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War by the National Government Qingtian day the highest medal.
Refused to command Xu clam war
The victory of the war, the civil war began, between spring and summer of 1946, the KMT and the CPC in the long road on the military town of Siping Street to start a large-scale positional warfare. Both sides of the set of 10 million, Bai Xianyong said it was "the Kuomintang civil war began the largest positive combat." Warfare fierce, the two sides are cutting the occasion, Chiang Kai-shek sent Bai Chongxi on May 17 to the northeast of the war, command Du Yuming, and its new six army, new army, seventy-one army captured Siping Street, and continue to attack Changchun. Lin Biao troops could not hold, to the Songhua River north shore of Harbin retreat. Bai Chongxi flew back to Nanjing, reported to Chiang Kai-shek war situation, advocated the Kuomintang army victory, occupation of Harbin, Qiqihar, Jiamusi and other cities, won the Northeast. At that time Sun Liren rate army army new army, has been over the Songhua River north shore, arrived in Shuangcheng, less than 100 kilometers away from Harbin, Mao ordered Lin Biao ready to abandon Harbin. On June 6, Chiang Kai-shek ordered the truce (known as the second truce). Lin Biao then have the opportunity to counterattack the whole army, the northeast situation reversed.
Many of the Kuomintang people on the victory of Siping Street and the subsequent reversal of the war, that the Northeast affected the whole civil war results. Bai Xianyong in 2011 in the "warm" magazine specifically wrote "post-war dispute in the Northeast" in detail the war in the Northeast. Qi Bangyuan in the "giant river" also mentioned his father Qi Shiying regret the Northeast. Bai Xianyong that Chiang Kai-shek unilaterally ordered the cease-fire for two reasons: one is the United States hope that the Kuomintang peace, the organization of the coalition government, Marshall has been mediation, to Chiang Kai-shek pressure requirements of the truce, and even several times that broadcast, ; On the other hand Chiang Kai-shek himself also have to judge the error, he thought Lin Biao has been defeated, no fighting, stop playing again to win, did not expect the army to fight back success.
In April 1948, Li Zongren was elected "vice president" success, May Bai Chongxi by the Secretary of Defense was appointed "commander in chief of the Chinese army". Bai Chongxi took office after the "Shoujiang will first keep the Huai", the proposed "Huazhong suppression of total" located close to Nanjing Bengbu, in Xuzhou, Bengbu between the Jianghuai Mountains, the use of offensive defense, adhere to long-term combat; also pointed out that the Central Plains must Unified command, can not be divided use, made in Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi five provinces defense. When the appointment was published, Bai Chongxi's idea of "five provinces" was not realized. Chiang Kai-shek divided the Central China War zone into two areas. The "Central China" Imagine being completely disrupted. He is also considered Xuzhou easy to attack, not suitable for the command center, Liu Zhi is not a first-class war, directly under the judge: "the Central Plains army division use, the future will be no doubt!" Bai Chongxi did not accept the appointment, Chiang Kai-shek sent more people to Shanghai to urge, barely to Hankou took office.
In October 1948, the Huaihai Campaign (the Kuomintang side called "Xu clam war") has not yet begun, because the Kuomintang army in the northeast defeat, He Yingqin, Gu Zhutong held a military conference in Nanjing, hope Bai Chongxi can come out unified command Hankou Xuzhou two " total". Bai Xianyong book said, on October 30 Bai Chongxi from Hankou back to Nanjing, the day looks quite confident, the next day suddenly refused to accept the unified command. Bai Chongxi found Xuzhou "destroy the total" has long been the main force of several troops deployed in Xuzhou as the center of the Longhai Railway and Jinpu railway line, the word lined up to become a "dead cross", Xuzhou plains According to the war once easy to break the enemy, the war is imminent, to relocate hundreds of thousands of troops is no longer possible. Plus Xuzhou "destroy the total" generals Qiu Qingquan, Huang Bo Tao, Li and others are Chiang Kai-shek's Huangpu love, Bai Chongxi had not and their origin, it is difficult to command.
Bai Xianyong's comment on "refusing to command" is: "The decision made by the father on the evening of October 30, refused to command the battle of Xu clam, may be his life the most difficult, but afterwards seems to be the most sensible of a choice ... ... Xu clan battle , Is the Kuomintang civil war the final victory and defeat of a battle, the success or failure of a non-father can play. Afterwards it seems not just military, he made this decision, the need for great courage and wisdom. If the beginning of the beginning of Chiang Kai-shek will use his father 'Shoujiang will first Huai Huai', set to 'destroy the total' in Bengbu, unified command by the father, I am afraid the outcome of the war will not be so. , Chiang does not understand. "
China will help Djibouti to "shed" into a happy area
China will help Djibouti to "shed" into a happy area
Soon, China's investment will turn the smallest country of Djibouti's Horn of Africa into a tourist's Mecca.
Reported that China began to build port in Djibouti after the development of the country's tourism potential to become another large-scale projects in China. Chinese investors are interested in the coast of the Lhasa Peninsula in the Mande Strait. Arabic "Mande" means "tears". The strait was named after all the dangers of crossing the sea. The Chinese investor intends to develop the area between the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. China built a base in Djibouti, its purpose is to combat the existence of this area of pirate phenomenon. The coast is only 20 kilometers from Yemen Bay. Although the country is a potentially volatile source in the region, it does not scare the Chinese business community. This year has eight investors 3 times to study the possibility of investment.
According to the plan, will be built here luxury hotel. And on the other side of the peninsula will build the airport. Not far from the tower of Jura Bay, is the shark breeding period parade area. This makes one of the world's most suitable areas for observing large sea fish in this area.
The report also said that China has become the largest foreign investment in Djibouti, although the US and French military bases than China built earlier, the Japanese warships are often admitted to Hong Kong. At present, any government in Djibouti has not published specific data on China's investment, but can clearly feel the existence of Chinese capital. Among them, if there is no investment in China, then Djibouti on their own economic development will never be able to lay out from Ethiopia cross-border water pipes. This pipeline provides freshwater protection for local residents and foreign tourists. In April, multi-purpose port construction will be completed, China has invested billions of dollars. The port is connected by modern railways to Ethiopia and then to most East African countries. In January this year, the railroad began operations and produced economic effects, including benefits from leading to many Djibouti monuments.
According to the plan, China's military base construction will be completed by the end of this year. In the maintenance of Chinese capital in Djibouti and Africa, the military port will play an important role. Expert Alexander Lalin said in a satellite interview.
He said: "The construction of military facilities means that the two countries are close to the political field, and the military base is an important component of this proximity, which shows that the Djibouti government will treat Chinese capital and create a more trusted political environment, Can make better use of China's capital. The presence of military bases can make China provide more reliable protection and economic risks for the economic interests of the country in the region.Military base is both a guarantee and an unavoidable political China's capital in Africa is very positive, its enthusiasm has been more than the United States.I think that China will continue to solve the geopolitical issues of the military Construction and investment in the civil construction undertaken by the combination.
Soon, China's investment will turn the smallest country of Djibouti's Horn of Africa into a tourist's Mecca.
Reported that China began to build port in Djibouti after the development of the country's tourism potential to become another large-scale projects in China. Chinese investors are interested in the coast of the Lhasa Peninsula in the Mande Strait. Arabic "Mande" means "tears". The strait was named after all the dangers of crossing the sea. The Chinese investor intends to develop the area between the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. China built a base in Djibouti, its purpose is to combat the existence of this area of pirate phenomenon. The coast is only 20 kilometers from Yemen Bay. Although the country is a potentially volatile source in the region, it does not scare the Chinese business community. This year has eight investors 3 times to study the possibility of investment.
According to the plan, will be built here luxury hotel. And on the other side of the peninsula will build the airport. Not far from the tower of Jura Bay, is the shark breeding period parade area. This makes one of the world's most suitable areas for observing large sea fish in this area.
The report also said that China has become the largest foreign investment in Djibouti, although the US and French military bases than China built earlier, the Japanese warships are often admitted to Hong Kong. At present, any government in Djibouti has not published specific data on China's investment, but can clearly feel the existence of Chinese capital. Among them, if there is no investment in China, then Djibouti on their own economic development will never be able to lay out from Ethiopia cross-border water pipes. This pipeline provides freshwater protection for local residents and foreign tourists. In April, multi-purpose port construction will be completed, China has invested billions of dollars. The port is connected by modern railways to Ethiopia and then to most East African countries. In January this year, the railroad began operations and produced economic effects, including benefits from leading to many Djibouti monuments.
According to the plan, China's military base construction will be completed by the end of this year. In the maintenance of Chinese capital in Djibouti and Africa, the military port will play an important role. Expert Alexander Lalin said in a satellite interview.
He said: "The construction of military facilities means that the two countries are close to the political field, and the military base is an important component of this proximity, which shows that the Djibouti government will treat Chinese capital and create a more trusted political environment, Can make better use of China's capital. The presence of military bases can make China provide more reliable protection and economic risks for the economic interests of the country in the region.Military base is both a guarantee and an unavoidable political China's capital in Africa is very positive, its enthusiasm has been more than the United States.I think that China will continue to solve the geopolitical issues of the military Construction and investment in the civil construction undertaken by the combination.
CZ-5: China's largest carrying capacity of the rocket
Long March 5: China's largest carrying capacity of the rocket
November 3, 2016, China's new generation of large launch vehicle Long March 5, the first launch of the success of a significant impact at home and abroad. It is China's current thrust of the largest launch vehicle. Its geosynchronous transfer orbit carrying capacity of 13 tons, near-Earth orbit carrying capacity of 25 tons, which than China's active rocket carrying capacity increased by 2.5 times, the overall performance of the rocket and the overall technology reached the international advanced level.
Long March 5 in the domestic carrier rocket for the first time using a 5-meter-diameter structure, the first use of non-toxic non-polluting liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen and liquid oxygen / kerosene engine combination take-off program, and thus extremely large. Previously, the Chinese rocket core diameter is 3.35 meters. As the sturdy body, so the Long March 5 nickname called "fat five". The reason why the sturdy body is to accommodate more propellant, resulting in greater thrust. This can also reduce the rocket series, thereby reducing the number of rocket separation, improve the reliability of the rocket.
The rocket core level, core two rocket engines are used liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen fuel, and booster with liquid oxygen / kerosene fuel. This combination of two non-toxic non-polluting low-temperature fuel engine combination take-off program in China is the first time. Why is this complex combination of takeoff programs, which is due to the core level, the core two working hours long, so the appropriate use of high than the liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen power system; booster working time is relatively short, so suitable The use of large thrust, propellant density of liquid oxygen / kerosene power system, the engine density ratio increased. With this option, the minimum size of the launch vehicle, the use of the smallest number of engines, which can effectively improve the carrying capacity and carrying efficiency.
The core level of all the use of low-temperature propellant, which in the development of China's rocket development history is the first time. As the liquid hydrogen temperature of -253 ℃, liquid oxygen -183 ℃, so the Long March 5 is much lower than the freezing point of the ultra-low temperature, is worthy of the name "Frostbolt." Because of its combustion is the water, so to achieve a non-toxic, non-polluting, which also marks the launch of the rocket in China's reliability, safety, adaptability and environmental friendliness and on a new level.
Long March 5 series rocket using "a series, two engines, three modules," the general idea, the implementation of the "universal, modular, serialized" design ideas. "Two engines" refers to the development of 50 tons of liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen engine and 120 tons of liquid oxygen / kerosene engine; "three modules" is equipped with two 50 tons of liquid oxygen / liquid hydrogen engine 5 meters diameter module, Equipped with 2 sets of 120 tons of liquid oxygen / kerosene engine 3.35 meters diameter module, equipped with a 120 tons of liquid oxygen / kerosene engine 2.25 meters diameter module. Modular design ideas can be used to achieve technical sharing, improve reliability, save costs and shorten the development cycle.
The rocket in the implementation of the Earth synchronous transfer orbit launch task using two semi-configuration rocket direct access, in the implementation of near-Earth orbit launch mission using a semi-configuration rocket direct access. This not only greatly improves the carrying capacity, but also can reduce the cost. The so-called half-level refers to the bundled booster.
This series of rockets has six configurations, of which two and a half-configuration and a semi-configuration of the three, they were bundled with two 2.25-meter diameter booster (each booster with a 120 tons Liquid oxygen / kerosene engine) and two 3.35 meter diameter boosters (each booster with two 120-ton liquid oxygen / kerosene engines), bundled with four 3.35-meter diameter boosters (each booster 2 sets of 120 tons of liquid oxygen / kerosene engine), bundled with four 2.25 meter diameter boosters (each booster with a 120 tons of liquid oxygen / kerosene engine). In the two types of configuration is the biggest thrust of the following two:
One is tied with four 3.35 m booster two and a half configuration. Its core level, two diameter are 5 meters. Core level with a 5-meter diameter module; core two with two 9-ton thrust liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen bound; core level also bundled four 3.35 meters diameter module. Its geosynchronous transfer orbit carrying capacity of 14 tons. It is mainly the implementation of the Earth synchronous transfer orbit spacecraft launch mission, the first shot of the Long March 5 is the use of this, 2017 launch of the Chang'e 5 moon sampling return of the Long March 5 rocket is also used this.
Another is in the program on the basis of the removal of the second level. Its near-Earth orbit carrying capacity of 25 tons. It mainly carries out the launch mission of the near-Earth orbit spacecraft, which will be launched in 2019 at the 20-ton space station.
The first launch of the Long March 5 rocket equipped with three kinds of 12 new large thrust engines, they are used non-toxic pollution-free propulsion technology, and are China's largest thrust liquid oxygen / kerosene engine, the maximum thrust of liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen Engine and the highest performance of the rocket engine.
The core level of two 50 tons of liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen engine in the international similar engine in the advanced level, so that the overall level of China's liquid rocket propulsion technology across a large step. The engine has the following characteristics.
First, carrying high efficiency. It is the highest energy fuel in rocket chemical propellants, up to 465 seconds faster than the conventional fuel engine performance by about 50%.
Second, the thrust is very large. Compared with the active liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen engine, 50 tons of liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen engine vacuum thrust is 9 times, the thrust chamber chamber pressure is 2.7 times, hydrogen turbine pump power is 15 times, oxygen turbine power Is its 20 times, is China's current launch of the rocket family "leader".
Third, green is very environmentally friendly. Its combustion products for the cleanliness of 99.99% of pure water, with green, zero carbon emissions, etc., is the world's smallest emission models, the most green of the engine, so the Long March 5 launch vehicle has also been a "green rocket."
Two 9-ton liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen engines on the core are the first hydrogen-oxygen engines in China with advanced closed-loop expansion, and are currently the largest rocket engines in China that can greatly improve the engine's own reliability Sex, can be launched several times, boost the rocket into the Earth transfer orbit.
4 boosters on the eight 120 tons of liquid oxygen / kerosene engine is China's single largest thrust, the most advanced technology, the application of the most promising new power plant, to fill the Chinese fuel cycle engine technology gaps, so that China has become the world The second master of the high-pressure combustion cycle of liquid oxygen kerosene engine technology in the country.
According to the serialization and combination of ideas, the Long March 5 series carrier rocket for the first time to achieve the six configurations at the same time to carry out the overall design, successfully resolved the six configurations at the same time optimization and design problems.
Long March 5 rocket for the first time using a 5-meter diameter large body structure. 5 m diameter Large body structure is not only a simple amplification of the structural dimensions, but also from the structural form, material selection, manufacturing process, manufacturing tooling, test verification system thoroughly reform. Through the development of the Long March 5 rocket, not only China has mastered the design and manufacturing capacity of the 5-meter diameter structure, but also broke through the thousands of tons of static test technology, while large-scale structural manufacturing also led to the material, machining, heat treatment, welding, Testing and other equipment manufacturing industry development.
In 2017, China will use the Long March 5 rocket were launched with Dongfanghong 5 new generation of large-scale satellite platform practice 18 communications satellite and Chang'e 5 moon sampling return device, 2019 will be the Long March 5 rocket began to launch Three 20-ton space station cabin, 2020 will use the Long March 5 rocket launch China's first Mars probe. It can also be used to launch large earth-rail large loads and other deep-space exploration mission loads, while laying a good foundation for the development of heavy rockets for future manned lunches in China.
Long March 5 will achieve a substantial leap forward of China's rocket carrying capacity for China's follow-up national major space project tasks to provide high reliability, low cost, non-toxic pollution, adaptability, good security, high carrying capacity of advanced delivery tools.
November 3, 2016, China's new generation of large launch vehicle Long March 5, the first launch of the success of a significant impact at home and abroad. It is China's current thrust of the largest launch vehicle. Its geosynchronous transfer orbit carrying capacity of 13 tons, near-Earth orbit carrying capacity of 25 tons, which than China's active rocket carrying capacity increased by 2.5 times, the overall performance of the rocket and the overall technology reached the international advanced level.
Long March 5 in the domestic carrier rocket for the first time using a 5-meter-diameter structure, the first use of non-toxic non-polluting liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen and liquid oxygen / kerosene engine combination take-off program, and thus extremely large. Previously, the Chinese rocket core diameter is 3.35 meters. As the sturdy body, so the Long March 5 nickname called "fat five". The reason why the sturdy body is to accommodate more propellant, resulting in greater thrust. This can also reduce the rocket series, thereby reducing the number of rocket separation, improve the reliability of the rocket.
The rocket core level, core two rocket engines are used liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen fuel, and booster with liquid oxygen / kerosene fuel. This combination of two non-toxic non-polluting low-temperature fuel engine combination take-off program in China is the first time. Why is this complex combination of takeoff programs, which is due to the core level, the core two working hours long, so the appropriate use of high than the liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen power system; booster working time is relatively short, so suitable The use of large thrust, propellant density of liquid oxygen / kerosene power system, the engine density ratio increased. With this option, the minimum size of the launch vehicle, the use of the smallest number of engines, which can effectively improve the carrying capacity and carrying efficiency.
The core level of all the use of low-temperature propellant, which in the development of China's rocket development history is the first time. As the liquid hydrogen temperature of -253 ℃, liquid oxygen -183 ℃, so the Long March 5 is much lower than the freezing point of the ultra-low temperature, is worthy of the name "Frostbolt." Because of its combustion is the water, so to achieve a non-toxic, non-polluting, which also marks the launch of the rocket in China's reliability, safety, adaptability and environmental friendliness and on a new level.
Long March 5 series rocket using "a series, two engines, three modules," the general idea, the implementation of the "universal, modular, serialized" design ideas. "Two engines" refers to the development of 50 tons of liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen engine and 120 tons of liquid oxygen / kerosene engine; "three modules" is equipped with two 50 tons of liquid oxygen / liquid hydrogen engine 5 meters diameter module, Equipped with 2 sets of 120 tons of liquid oxygen / kerosene engine 3.35 meters diameter module, equipped with a 120 tons of liquid oxygen / kerosene engine 2.25 meters diameter module. Modular design ideas can be used to achieve technical sharing, improve reliability, save costs and shorten the development cycle.
The rocket in the implementation of the Earth synchronous transfer orbit launch task using two semi-configuration rocket direct access, in the implementation of near-Earth orbit launch mission using a semi-configuration rocket direct access. This not only greatly improves the carrying capacity, but also can reduce the cost. The so-called half-level refers to the bundled booster.
This series of rockets has six configurations, of which two and a half-configuration and a semi-configuration of the three, they were bundled with two 2.25-meter diameter booster (each booster with a 120 tons Liquid oxygen / kerosene engine) and two 3.35 meter diameter boosters (each booster with two 120-ton liquid oxygen / kerosene engines), bundled with four 3.35-meter diameter boosters (each booster 2 sets of 120 tons of liquid oxygen / kerosene engine), bundled with four 2.25 meter diameter boosters (each booster with a 120 tons of liquid oxygen / kerosene engine). In the two types of configuration is the biggest thrust of the following two:
One is tied with four 3.35 m booster two and a half configuration. Its core level, two diameter are 5 meters. Core level with a 5-meter diameter module; core two with two 9-ton thrust liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen bound; core level also bundled four 3.35 meters diameter module. Its geosynchronous transfer orbit carrying capacity of 14 tons. It is mainly the implementation of the Earth synchronous transfer orbit spacecraft launch mission, the first shot of the Long March 5 is the use of this, 2017 launch of the Chang'e 5 moon sampling return of the Long March 5 rocket is also used this.
Another is in the program on the basis of the removal of the second level. Its near-Earth orbit carrying capacity of 25 tons. It mainly carries out the launch mission of the near-Earth orbit spacecraft, which will be launched in 2019 at the 20-ton space station.
The first launch of the Long March 5 rocket equipped with three kinds of 12 new large thrust engines, they are used non-toxic pollution-free propulsion technology, and are China's largest thrust liquid oxygen / kerosene engine, the maximum thrust of liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen Engine and the highest performance of the rocket engine.
The core level of two 50 tons of liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen engine in the international similar engine in the advanced level, so that the overall level of China's liquid rocket propulsion technology across a large step. The engine has the following characteristics.
First, carrying high efficiency. It is the highest energy fuel in rocket chemical propellants, up to 465 seconds faster than the conventional fuel engine performance by about 50%.
Second, the thrust is very large. Compared with the active liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen engine, 50 tons of liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen engine vacuum thrust is 9 times, the thrust chamber chamber pressure is 2.7 times, hydrogen turbine pump power is 15 times, oxygen turbine power Is its 20 times, is China's current launch of the rocket family "leader".
Third, green is very environmentally friendly. Its combustion products for the cleanliness of 99.99% of pure water, with green, zero carbon emissions, etc., is the world's smallest emission models, the most green of the engine, so the Long March 5 launch vehicle has also been a "green rocket."
Two 9-ton liquid hydrogen / liquid oxygen engines on the core are the first hydrogen-oxygen engines in China with advanced closed-loop expansion, and are currently the largest rocket engines in China that can greatly improve the engine's own reliability Sex, can be launched several times, boost the rocket into the Earth transfer orbit.
4 boosters on the eight 120 tons of liquid oxygen / kerosene engine is China's single largest thrust, the most advanced technology, the application of the most promising new power plant, to fill the Chinese fuel cycle engine technology gaps, so that China has become the world The second master of the high-pressure combustion cycle of liquid oxygen kerosene engine technology in the country.
According to the serialization and combination of ideas, the Long March 5 series carrier rocket for the first time to achieve the six configurations at the same time to carry out the overall design, successfully resolved the six configurations at the same time optimization and design problems.
Long March 5 rocket for the first time using a 5-meter diameter large body structure. 5 m diameter Large body structure is not only a simple amplification of the structural dimensions, but also from the structural form, material selection, manufacturing process, manufacturing tooling, test verification system thoroughly reform. Through the development of the Long March 5 rocket, not only China has mastered the design and manufacturing capacity of the 5-meter diameter structure, but also broke through the thousands of tons of static test technology, while large-scale structural manufacturing also led to the material, machining, heat treatment, welding, Testing and other equipment manufacturing industry development.
In 2017, China will use the Long March 5 rocket were launched with Dongfanghong 5 new generation of large-scale satellite platform practice 18 communications satellite and Chang'e 5 moon sampling return device, 2019 will be the Long March 5 rocket began to launch Three 20-ton space station cabin, 2020 will use the Long March 5 rocket launch China's first Mars probe. It can also be used to launch large earth-rail large loads and other deep-space exploration mission loads, while laying a good foundation for the development of heavy rockets for future manned lunches in China.
Long March 5 will achieve a substantial leap forward of China's rocket carrying capacity for China's follow-up national major space project tasks to provide high reliability, low cost, non-toxic pollution, adaptability, good security, high carrying capacity of advanced delivery tools.
2017年4月20日星期四
What is the day of the day with the Temple of the three docking?
April 20, 2017, China's first cargo spacecraft on the 1st by the Long March 7, a new generation of medium-sized carrier rocket from Hainan Wenchang space launch site successfully into space.
Day boat on the 1st into the track, plans to run with the track in the Temple 2 space laboratory has three rendezvous and docking. 2 months after completing the first docking and on-the-spot propellant, the day boat 1 will be routed to the front of the Temple 2, and then the second butt is raised again. It takes 5 days from preparation to completion. After the completion of the flight test, the day boat 1 and Temple 2 again, the two aircraft will fly independently for 3 months. During this period, Tian Zhou 1 mainly completed carrying space science experiments and technical tests. 3 months later, day boat 1 and Temple 2 on the last docking, verify the independent fast rendezvous and docking technology, requires two spacecraft in a few hours to achieve docking.
What is the day of the day with the Temple of the three docking? These technologies are the protection of information Figure: On the 1st and Temple No. 2 docking diagram.
The "Sky Boat" cargo spacecraft consists of cargo tanks and propulsion tanks, in which cargo cargo, equipment, propulsion cabin provides power for cargo spacecraft, propulsion control and loading of propellants. Its length is 10.6 meters, the maximum diameter of about 3.35 meters, the solar cell wings after the maximum width of 14.9 meters, the maximum load of the whole ship up to 13.5 tons of weight, is the largest in China so far, the heaviest weight for manned space missions The cargo spacecraft. It includes 13 sub-systems, up to 6.5 tons of cargo transport capacity, propellant addition capacity of more than 2 tons, with independent flight capacity of 3 months.
Its carrying capacity is designed according to the size of the space station, and can be the smallest structural weight to achieve the maximum load capacity, cargo load ratio of 46%, reaching the world advanced level.
The "Sky Boat" series of cargo spacecraft using the type of spectral scheme, designed the fully enclosed cargo cabin, semi-sealed cargo compartment, fully open cargo cabin and propulsion cabin 4 modules, can form a fully sealed, semi-sealed and fully open cargo spacecraft 3 Type spectrum, the future can meet the space station of different cargo transport needs. Modular design can improve the ability of cargo spacecraft to adapt to the task, to facilitate the task to expand, so that the construction of spacecraft similar to "building blocks." As the inter-module technology and products can be shared and common, thus reducing the development costs, shorten the development cycle, through limited flight test to quickly improve platform reliability.
China's first cargo spacecraft day boat designed to be fully sealed type of spectrum, which opened our manned spacecraft type of the design of a precedent, cleverly solved the manned spacecraft high-risk, high standards, high demand and small sample of the , So that the design of manned spacecraft is more standardized and more predictable, is the manned spacecraft generalization, mass production, serialization of the development requirements and future trends.
Before the launch of the sun boat 1, master the rail propellant addition technology in the country only Russia and the United States, which, in addition to the track application of only Russia. At present, the European Space Agency, Japan and other positive research is exploring this. In the day on the 1st of the space with the Temple of space on the implementation of propellant in the rail to add, break and master this technology, China will become the world's second master of the technology of the country, for our space station assembly and long-term Operation cleared the last obstacle on energy supply issues.
It is one of the key technologies for the construction and operation of space stations to ensure that spacecraft can dock with space stations from multiple directions. The day of the No. 1 cargo spacecraft around the Temple of space space on the 2nd of the free fly is to verify the technology will be built for the space station to build more experience and data for the future complex docking to prepare. Day boat No. 1 in the first intersection with the Temple 2 for 2 months after the dock will be evacuated Temple 2, along with the Temple 2 180 ° turn, through the allied around the fly, speed up the front of the Temple 2, from "Front" side and the temple -2 for the second docking.
And Shenzhou 10 manned spacecraft in the ground personnel to support the fly around the different, the day boat-1 cargo spacecraft around the process of guidance, tuning, etc. are on board the software to complete their own planning, that is, when the issue around the fly order , On the No. 1 on the guidance of the navigation and control system of the computer began to independently plan around the fly trajectory, independent control of the orbit, automatic gesture maneuver, no ground personnel intervention, can be described as "smart" and "self" a lot. This autonomy not only greatly reduces the ground support staff's work intensity, more importantly, can be achieved outside the autonomous area around the monitoring and control area. If the Shenzhou 10 around the fly is "led" children learn to walk, then the day boat 1 cargo spacecraft around the fly is "watching" the children walking their own.
Although the space around the fly is very exciting, but also implies a huge risk, two weighing tens of tons of aircraft in the high-speed flight process to complete the "up and down circle" and "turn with the bucket", the biggest risk is the collision. Therefore, the requirements of both the trajectory and attitude must be precisely controlled. In addition to avoiding collisions, it is necessary to plan the optimal flywheel trajectory to complete the orbit control at a specific location and reach a predetermined location at a predetermined point in time to consume as little fuel as possible. At the same time, the spacecraft also according to the state of the target aircraft for collaborative control, including the relative position, relative speed, relative attitude, relative angular velocity, all factors must be "perfect", which requires high reliability and security, high Reliable control system products and intelligent software with independent fault diagnosis and system refactoring capability.
At present, China's conventional rendezvous and docking technology takes two days or so to achieve the target aircraft and tracking aircraft docking, day boat 1 will carry out independent fast rendezvous and docking test, the rendezvous and docking time control in 6 hours or so, Out of the "ordinary train" into the "high-speed rail" a big step, so faster, more comfortable, more secure transport of goods.
The benefits of fast rendezvous and docking technology are: from the human side, fast docking can shorten the astronauts in the spacecraft in a small space in the retention time, reduce the astronauts unnecessary physical and energy to pay, so that manned space flight becomes more comfortable, Comfortable from the mission point of view, fast rendezvous and docking to ensure that scientific research products, especially biological agents and other goods can not be long-term transport as soon as possible to reach the space station, which may be critical for some tests; from a security point of view , Which is conducive to improving the reliability of the flight of the orbital spacecraft, reducing the consumption of resources generated during the rendezvous and docking process (including the track control, etc.), to a greater extent to protect the future space station security, convenient space station on the incident Of the emergency treatment, if the space station and other spacecraft meet the emergency situation, fast rendezvous and docking can quickly repair and emergency rescue work.
Master the efficient and strong adaptability of the fast rendezvous and docking technology, so that the spacecraft to self-guided and control-based, need to break through the spacecraft autonomous navigation orbit, orbit, independent rapid guidance technology, the complex measurement algorithm and remote guidance Lead the technical engineering, the original long-distance guidance section need ground intervention work by the spacecraft on the computer on the star. After the spacecraft into orbit, all the measurement track, guidance law calculation, control and implementation strategies are calculated by the spacecraft, without ground intervention, a few hours to complete the rendezvous and docking tasks. It will build a space station for the future, complete the intensive rendezvous and docking task to lay a solid foundation.
2017年4月17日星期一
What is the 002 carrier? Displacement increased to 80,000 tons of ejection took off
What is the 002 carrier? Displacement increased to 80,000 tons of ejection took off
002 aircraft carrier will be what kind of
In the first domestic aircraft carrier 17 will soon be on the occasion of the water, but also came the second domestic aircraft carrier is building news and photos, so this upgraded version of the 002 aircraft carrier naturally inspired a number of military fans of curiosity and concern , Especially around the use of steam ejection or electromagnetic catapult discussion is more enthusiastic, then 002 aircraft carrier will be what?
Ejection took off is yes
The Chinese Navy's first aircraft carrier No. 16 "Liaoning ship" and the first domestic aircraft carrier 17 are leap off, that is, with the flight deck front upturned elevation to the carrier-based aircraft to increase lift and take off the way, this way Although there is no need to take off the takeoff as complex takeoff system, but the defects are obvious. That is, can not take off a larger weight of the carrier-based aircraft, that is, lighter fighters can not be full of oil in the full load of the state take off, let alone a larger fixed-wing early warning aircraft. In this way, the fighter's voyage and combat performance will be very limited, the overall combat capability for the aircraft carrier is to be greatly reduced.
For the beginning of the aircraft carrier in the process of starting the Chinese navy, the first use of technology is relatively simple to take off, naturally nothing wrong, there are 001 and 001A type of choice to take off the reasons for taking off. And after the 16 and 17, after the development of two aircraft carriers, that is, to solve the problem after there is a natural upgrade to a higher level, then the use of ejection in the 002 type to improve the aircraft carrier's combat capability Is a matter of course.
What is the 002 carrier? Displacement increased to 80,000 tons of ejection took off
Figure 2: in the 002 type to take the ejection shot is a matter of course
So, almost all of the military observers are now recognized that the Chinese Navy's 002-type aircraft carrier is definitely taking a flat deck ejection took off, and announced the construction of the 002-type photo does not seem to see the flight deck front of the upturned angle.
Steam or electromagnetic?
With the gradual improvement of the performance of the aircraft, to World War II during the already 40% of the carrier-based aircraft is taken off by ejection, after World War II, the importance of ejection took off more prominent, there are two ejection took off, one steam ejection, Is the electromagnetic ejection, in which the steam ejection is the emergence of 1950, to today has more than 60 years of history, technically very mature, is currently the world's most widely used, that is, by steam to promote the carrier can be in the shorter Of the distance to take off, even if the aircraft weight is also no problem, which ensures that not only the fighter full load take off, and heavier fixed-wing early warning aircraft can also take off smoothly.
The electromagnetic bombs take off is the latest technology, so far only the United States has not yet launched the latest "Ford" aircraft carrier. Electromagnetic technology is the use of electromagnetic capacity to promote the aircraft take off, compared to the steam ejection, electromagnetic technology with system equipment, small, low requirements on the ship's auxiliary system, take off high efficiency, light weight, energy output range can be flexible adjustment, operation and maintenance easier And many other advantages, but also the future development of aircraft carrier ejection technology trends.
What is the 002 carrier? Displacement increased to 80,000 tons of ejection took off
Figure 3: Electromagnetic take-off is the future development trend of aircraft carrier ejection
However, the steam ejection is not the basis of electromagnetic catapult, the two in the theoretical basis and technical means on the different, there is no necessary technical link, so can not directly through the steam ejection and electromagnetic ejection. Since the steam ejection has been outdated, then why should this again and again take this detour? So many military observers believe that the possibility of 002 aircraft carrier using electromagnetic aircraft carrier is very large, 2016 Navy Commander Wu Shengli Admiral for the electromagnetic technology experts Chinese Academy of Engineering, Naval Engineering University Professor Ma Weiming umbrella photos, and carrier-based aircraft Of the shore training base has been installed electromagnetic catapult have become a 002 aircraft carrier step by step directly using electromagnetic bursts of circumstantial evidence.
Conventional power of large aircraft carrier
And 001-type aircraft carrier displacement is only 60,000-ton medium-sized aircraft carrier is different, 002-type aircraft carrier is bound to a higher level, generally believed that the displacement will reach 80,000-ton large aircraft carrier. This may also be stereotypes for the 002 type of reason, that is no longer 001-type improvement, but the real sense of the upgrading. Do not underestimate the displacement of an increase of 20,000 tons, for the 001 aircraft carrier, is to increase the one-third of the displacement, which means that the aircraft carrier space will be a very significant increase, then the relative aircraft carrier The number of aircraft, fuel, ammunition, etc. will have a significant increase, which for the aircraft carrier's comprehensive combat capability, not only is a simple increase of one-third, but a level of promotion. Especially with the ejection of the take-off and the increase of the carrier space, the ship-borne fixed-wing early warning aircraft becomes the composition of the carrier type carrier of the 002 carrier, which will greatly improve the aircraft carrier's early warning and command capability, and the combat effectiveness of the aircraft carrier fleet The leap.
What is the 002 carrier? Displacement increased to 80,000 tons of ejection took off
Figure 4: 002 aircraft carrier displacement will be significantly improved, which is 80,000 tons of "Forrest" class aircraft carrier.
Another important indicator of the performance of the aircraft carrier is to see the power system, the increase in displacement and ejection take-off mode, require the power system output power to have a larger capacity expansion, it was also suggested that the use of nuclear power will not doubt. Although China has built a number of nuclear power plants, but also the construction of nuclear-powered submarines, the use of nuclear power in ships, technically difficult is not large. And nuclear-powered aircraft carrier than the conventional power carrier in combat performance has a greater advantage, cost is also much greater, but after all, to drive such a large tonnage of the aircraft carrier, the requirements of the nuclear power system is still very high, for the development of aircraft carriers Just started in China, only the conversion, the construction of two aircraft carrier experience on the use of nuclear power, really step forward a bit big, the United States is also the construction of the 64 fleet aircraft carrier after the construction of the first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, so 002 type using conventional power is still more wise and secure.
002 aircraft carrier will be what kind of
In the first domestic aircraft carrier 17 will soon be on the occasion of the water, but also came the second domestic aircraft carrier is building news and photos, so this upgraded version of the 002 aircraft carrier naturally inspired a number of military fans of curiosity and concern , Especially around the use of steam ejection or electromagnetic catapult discussion is more enthusiastic, then 002 aircraft carrier will be what?
Ejection took off is yes
The Chinese Navy's first aircraft carrier No. 16 "Liaoning ship" and the first domestic aircraft carrier 17 are leap off, that is, with the flight deck front upturned elevation to the carrier-based aircraft to increase lift and take off the way, this way Although there is no need to take off the takeoff as complex takeoff system, but the defects are obvious. That is, can not take off a larger weight of the carrier-based aircraft, that is, lighter fighters can not be full of oil in the full load of the state take off, let alone a larger fixed-wing early warning aircraft. In this way, the fighter's voyage and combat performance will be very limited, the overall combat capability for the aircraft carrier is to be greatly reduced.
For the beginning of the aircraft carrier in the process of starting the Chinese navy, the first use of technology is relatively simple to take off, naturally nothing wrong, there are 001 and 001A type of choice to take off the reasons for taking off. And after the 16 and 17, after the development of two aircraft carriers, that is, to solve the problem after there is a natural upgrade to a higher level, then the use of ejection in the 002 type to improve the aircraft carrier's combat capability Is a matter of course.
What is the 002 carrier? Displacement increased to 80,000 tons of ejection took off
Figure 2: in the 002 type to take the ejection shot is a matter of course
So, almost all of the military observers are now recognized that the Chinese Navy's 002-type aircraft carrier is definitely taking a flat deck ejection took off, and announced the construction of the 002-type photo does not seem to see the flight deck front of the upturned angle.
Steam or electromagnetic?
With the gradual improvement of the performance of the aircraft, to World War II during the already 40% of the carrier-based aircraft is taken off by ejection, after World War II, the importance of ejection took off more prominent, there are two ejection took off, one steam ejection, Is the electromagnetic ejection, in which the steam ejection is the emergence of 1950, to today has more than 60 years of history, technically very mature, is currently the world's most widely used, that is, by steam to promote the carrier can be in the shorter Of the distance to take off, even if the aircraft weight is also no problem, which ensures that not only the fighter full load take off, and heavier fixed-wing early warning aircraft can also take off smoothly.
The electromagnetic bombs take off is the latest technology, so far only the United States has not yet launched the latest "Ford" aircraft carrier. Electromagnetic technology is the use of electromagnetic capacity to promote the aircraft take off, compared to the steam ejection, electromagnetic technology with system equipment, small, low requirements on the ship's auxiliary system, take off high efficiency, light weight, energy output range can be flexible adjustment, operation and maintenance easier And many other advantages, but also the future development of aircraft carrier ejection technology trends.
What is the 002 carrier? Displacement increased to 80,000 tons of ejection took off
Figure 3: Electromagnetic take-off is the future development trend of aircraft carrier ejection
However, the steam ejection is not the basis of electromagnetic catapult, the two in the theoretical basis and technical means on the different, there is no necessary technical link, so can not directly through the steam ejection and electromagnetic ejection. Since the steam ejection has been outdated, then why should this again and again take this detour? So many military observers believe that the possibility of 002 aircraft carrier using electromagnetic aircraft carrier is very large, 2016 Navy Commander Wu Shengli Admiral for the electromagnetic technology experts Chinese Academy of Engineering, Naval Engineering University Professor Ma Weiming umbrella photos, and carrier-based aircraft Of the shore training base has been installed electromagnetic catapult have become a 002 aircraft carrier step by step directly using electromagnetic bursts of circumstantial evidence.
Conventional power of large aircraft carrier
And 001-type aircraft carrier displacement is only 60,000-ton medium-sized aircraft carrier is different, 002-type aircraft carrier is bound to a higher level, generally believed that the displacement will reach 80,000-ton large aircraft carrier. This may also be stereotypes for the 002 type of reason, that is no longer 001-type improvement, but the real sense of the upgrading. Do not underestimate the displacement of an increase of 20,000 tons, for the 001 aircraft carrier, is to increase the one-third of the displacement, which means that the aircraft carrier space will be a very significant increase, then the relative aircraft carrier The number of aircraft, fuel, ammunition, etc. will have a significant increase, which for the aircraft carrier's comprehensive combat capability, not only is a simple increase of one-third, but a level of promotion. Especially with the ejection of the take-off and the increase of the carrier space, the ship-borne fixed-wing early warning aircraft becomes the composition of the carrier type carrier of the 002 carrier, which will greatly improve the aircraft carrier's early warning and command capability, and the combat effectiveness of the aircraft carrier fleet The leap.
What is the 002 carrier? Displacement increased to 80,000 tons of ejection took off
Figure 4: 002 aircraft carrier displacement will be significantly improved, which is 80,000 tons of "Forrest" class aircraft carrier.
Another important indicator of the performance of the aircraft carrier is to see the power system, the increase in displacement and ejection take-off mode, require the power system output power to have a larger capacity expansion, it was also suggested that the use of nuclear power will not doubt. Although China has built a number of nuclear power plants, but also the construction of nuclear-powered submarines, the use of nuclear power in ships, technically difficult is not large. And nuclear-powered aircraft carrier than the conventional power carrier in combat performance has a greater advantage, cost is also much greater, but after all, to drive such a large tonnage of the aircraft carrier, the requirements of the nuclear power system is still very high, for the development of aircraft carriers Just started in China, only the conversion, the construction of two aircraft carrier experience on the use of nuclear power, really step forward a bit big, the United States is also the construction of the 64 fleet aircraft carrier after the construction of the first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, so 002 type using conventional power is still more wise and secure.
052D Xining ship first use of weapons training main gun to attack the sea target
052D Xining ship first use of weapons training main gun to attack the sea target
According to CCTV reports, recently, the Navy North Sea Fleet organized a new missile destroyer Xining ship for a period of days the actual use of a variety of weapons training, which is just in January this year, Xining ship for the first time the actual use of weapons training.
8 o'clock, with the release of the combat command, is a sea in the Yellow Sea training Xining ship launched a complex condition of the actual use of weapons comprehensive offensive and defensive training. The first is the main gun on the sea target attack training. Radar parts found a missile attack Xining ship, commander issued a release of the release of the bomb command, successfully avoid the missile attack, the main gun is the target to continue to attack.
The next step is to train the air attack target. Affected by fog and light rain, the sea of the line of sight is poor, to increase the difficulty of training. Radar parts found that the air target breakthrough fire quickly close to Xining ship, the commander immediately issued a sub-gun attack command. The incoming target was hit and the threat from the air was lifted.
Beihai fleet of a ship training center business long to Hongzhi said: The live ammunition so that the crew obtained the use of the ship's actual exercise, testing and standardize the method of shooting steps, accumulated practical experience.
Followed by anti-submarine training. Sonar quickly found the target forecasting position, distance, identify the nature of the target, Xining ship quickly into the combat route. As the commander ordered the Xining ship to use torpedo thunder on the underwater simulation target to attack, stable discovery and tracking the target.
In the training for many days, Xining ship several times using a variety of weapons for a complex electromagnetic environment and complex meteorological conditions under the main sub-gun to combat air and sea single target and multi-directional goals, and helicopter cooperation anti-submarine, anti-interference The actual use of weapons training, and carried out a missile air defense anti-missile and hull damage to the cabin fire damage, anti-nuclear, war rescue and other subjects.
According to CCTV reports, recently, the Navy North Sea Fleet organized a new missile destroyer Xining ship for a period of days the actual use of a variety of weapons training, which is just in January this year, Xining ship for the first time the actual use of weapons training.
8 o'clock, with the release of the combat command, is a sea in the Yellow Sea training Xining ship launched a complex condition of the actual use of weapons comprehensive offensive and defensive training. The first is the main gun on the sea target attack training. Radar parts found a missile attack Xining ship, commander issued a release of the release of the bomb command, successfully avoid the missile attack, the main gun is the target to continue to attack.
The next step is to train the air attack target. Affected by fog and light rain, the sea of the line of sight is poor, to increase the difficulty of training. Radar parts found that the air target breakthrough fire quickly close to Xining ship, the commander immediately issued a sub-gun attack command. The incoming target was hit and the threat from the air was lifted.
Beihai fleet of a ship training center business long to Hongzhi said: The live ammunition so that the crew obtained the use of the ship's actual exercise, testing and standardize the method of shooting steps, accumulated practical experience.
Followed by anti-submarine training. Sonar quickly found the target forecasting position, distance, identify the nature of the target, Xining ship quickly into the combat route. As the commander ordered the Xining ship to use torpedo thunder on the underwater simulation target to attack, stable discovery and tracking the target.
In the training for many days, Xining ship several times using a variety of weapons for a complex electromagnetic environment and complex meteorological conditions under the main sub-gun to combat air and sea single target and multi-directional goals, and helicopter cooperation anti-submarine, anti-interference The actual use of weapons training, and carried out a missile air defense anti-missile and hull damage to the cabin fire damage, anti-nuclear, war rescue and other subjects.
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